Anatomical Distribution of Nucleoside System in the Human Brain and Implications for Therapy

S. Masino and D. Boison (eds.), Adenosine: A Key Link between Metabolism and Brain Activity, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3903-5_29, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 Abstract Nucleosides have a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological roles in the human brain as modulators of a variety of neural functions. For example, adenosine, inosine, guanosine, and uridine participate in the mechanisms underlying memory, cognition, sleep, pain, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Consequently, increasing attention is now being given to the speci fi c role of nucleosides in physiological and pathological processes in the human brain. Different elements of nucleoside system, including nucleoside concentrations, metabolic enzyme activity, and expression of nucleoside transporters and receptors, may be changed under normal and pathological conditions. The alterations suggest that interlinked elements of the nucleoside system are functioning in a tightly concerted manner. Nucleoside levels, activity of nucleoside metabolic enzymes, and expression of nucleoside transporters and receptors are unevenly distributed in the brain, suggesting that nucleosides have different roles in functionally distinct human brain areas. The aim of this chapter is to summarize our present knowledge of the anatomical distribution of nucleoside system in the human brain, placing emphasis on potential therapeutic pharmacological strategies.